Autism (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts how a child perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. Nowadays ASD incidence is increasing. 1 in 50 children has autism according to studies. Autism has no single known cause. The cause can be multifactorial, however, both genetics and environment may play a role.

When to suspect Autism? Poor communication, no eye contact, not mingling with peer groups, stereotypes (rocking, spinning, hand flapping), speech delay, prefers to play alone and fixed interest. One of the earliest sign is a lack of joint attention, which can be evident prior to 1st birthday. Some children with autism have feeding issues, sleep issues, and sensory problems.

If any behavioral issues or above symptoms, consult pediatric neurologist and evaluate. Diagnosis can be done with available psychological scores like M CHAT, ISAA. Early intervention can helpful. Treatment of ASD includes speech therapy, occupation therapy and special education.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, or excessive activity and impulsivity. It impairs regulation of attention, motor activity and impulsivity. These kids have problems with planning, working memory, problem solving and managing behavior.

Prevalence of ADHD has been reported to be 1.6-17.9% in India. Some children with ADHD have comorbidities like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, tics and substance abuse. ADHD has no single cause.

ADHD can be diagnosed by detailed history and scores like VSMS, VADPRS. It can be treated with medications, behavioral therapy and special education.